How to make a sewer in the country: construction secrets
You can feel all the advantages of living in a country house provided that such housing is equipped with all amenities. No matter what they say, sewerage is as important an aspect of a comfortable life as electricity, gas or running water.
Development of a sewerage scheme
For owners of a private house who decide to independently equip a new sewer system, it is best to draw its diagram on paper with the maximum possible preservation of the scale and proportions of the house, taking into account the location of the rooms and premises in which it is planned to install equipment connected to the sewer.
The diagram should show not only the main objects of the system: toilet bowls, bathtubs, sinks, but also their constituent elements: corners, tees, plugs, revisions, etc. This approach will make it possible to accurately calculate the need for materials.
First of all, they determine the place of the final runoff. A pipeline will be laid to it from the house.
The exit point of the pipeline should be carefully considered, since this exit will have to be equipped through the foundation of the building or under it.
Knowing the exit point of the sewer pipe, you can plan the layout of the pipe network indoors. If the house is small in size, then it is enough one riser, to which branches of pipelines from the kitchen, bath and toilet will be connected.
If the house is large and it is difficult to do wiring to one riser, then it is worth planning two or more risers with the withdrawal of wastewater to one place or to different places.
The right choice of location
To determine the place of sewer water runoff, one must be guided not only by the convenience of laying the pipeline, but also by the sanitary standards developed specifically for such facilities.
The distance from the dwelling house to the waste pit should not be less than 5 m, and from the fence at least 1m. From sources of drinking water, an open-type sewage pit is located at a distance no closer 20 m on clay soil and not closer 50 m with sandy soil. It is customary not to place sewer wells at a distance closer 4 m from the roadway and garden trees, as well as closer 30 m from the reservoir.
In addition, care must be taken that the well for collecting wastewater is as organically as possible integrated into the landscape of the personal plot and does not cause inconvenience when moving. It should also be conveniently located for access to sewage vehicles.
Tools and materials for arranging sewerage
To equip the sewerage system indoors, you will need to equip a riser. The diameter of the pipes for it should be larger than the supply pipelines. Usually pipes with a diameter of 100 mm or 150 mm are selected.
The supply pipes used for wiring from objects of use are selected with a diameter of 50-70 mm. The number of pipes is calculated depending on the location of the objects and their distance from the riser.
In addition to pipes, you will need:
- tees for the possibility of connecting branches from the main pipe;
- plugs for closing temporarily unused holes in pipes;
- adapters for connecting pipes of different diameters;
- revisions to be able to clean the pipe in case of blockages;
- knees for changing the angle of the pipe connection;
- various outlets;
- fasteners.
You can get by with a minimal set of hand tools, but you may need a puncher, drill or grinder. To work with silicone sealant, it is convenient to use a mounting gun.
The choice of pipes is made taking into account the feasibility, cost and technological characteristics. When choosing pipes, special attention is paid to their resistance to deformation, corrosion resistance, ease of installation and maintenance.
Polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene and polyethylene pipes with a socket type connection and a rubber seal are currently in the greatest demand.
Such pipes have good hydraulic characteristics, resistance to external loads, durability with good sealing of joints. They are easy to install, wear out little during use and resist well the build-up of deposits in the pipe lumen.
Pipes made of cast iron, steel, ceramic or asbestos cement are now used less and less. Steel and cast iron are reliable, but expensive materials, moreover, the installation of sewerage systems from such pipes is more difficult. Ceramics and asbestos cement are fragile, short-lived and difficult to install and maintain.
Sewer laying
Drawings for manufacturing
Internal work
Work inside the premises should be carried out taking into account the previously developed sewerage scheme. At this stage, it is important to decide on the type of installation of the system: outdoor with open access to pipelines or hidden.
If the type of hidden arrangement under the finishing materials is chosen (drywall, wall paneling, plaster), then inspection windows should be provided at the places where revisions are installed.
Places for connecting baths, sinks, toilets and other objects of use are selected in such a way that the pipeline from the object to the riser is located with a constant slope of 7 - 15 mm per linear meter of pipe.
This arrangement will ensure a constant flow of waste with a minimum possibility of clogging. It is necessary to equip the laying of the pipeline, taking into account the possibility of its reliable fastening to the wall without sagging.
Pipelines are fixed to the wall with clips or clamps. The attachment points of the fixing fittings are arranged in close proximity to the joints of the pipes and next to the shut-off elements of the system.
The riser at the point of its passage through the foundation is installed vertically and fixed to prevent shifts during the final sealing of the hole.
All objects are connected at an angle to the main line through bends or tees. The most suitable option would be an angle of 45 or 60 degrees. Connections with a 90 degree angle are the most susceptible to clogging.
If there is no other possibility, in such places it is advisable to connect the system through a tee with a plug of the free end for a possible revision of the joint. For reliability, the joints should be coated with silicone sealant.
outdoor work
External work on the arrangement of the sewerage system provides for the installation of a wastewater receiver and laying to it from the pipeline riser.
The pit for a container for collecting wastewater is equipped manually or mechanized. It is not advisable to equip a waste tank at a distance of more than 15 meters due to the increase in the cost of materials and the deterioration of the flow.
With an increase in the distance to the waste pit, the angle of inclination of the pipeline decreases accordingly. If this angle is less than 7 mm per linear meter or less than 2 degrees throughout the entire length of the external system, the flow of household waste will be difficult due to the low speed of their movement.
At the same time, do not make the corner too steep. In this case, the liquid fraction of the effluent will move much faster, and the more solid particles will settle on the walls, which can lead to clogging. In addition, the large slope of the pipes increases the wear of their inner surface. External pipelines are always laid with a socket against the flow of liquid.
The depth of the trench for the external pipeline is determined taking into account the depth of soil freezing. If it is not possible to lower the sewer pipes below this mark, the pipeline should be insulated.
The bottom of the trench, before finally falling asleep, should be tamped to prevent subsidence of the soil and subsequent deflection of the entire system. A sand bed should be made at the bottom of the trench to exclude the possibility of mechanical damage to the pipe during ramming.
Construction of a sewer
A sewer collector is a main line that includes sewer pipes laid in trenches and, in fact, a collection tank of a certain type.
Biological treatment stations
The most effective way to treat wastewater is biological treatment in special aeration-type stations. The peculiarity of this method of purification is that at the output it is possible to obtain water purified by 95 - 98 percent with the possibility of using it for irrigation of the site.
Such stations can be installed in the immediate vicinity of a residential building on any type of soil. Stations made of polypropylene are completely sealed and tear resistant. This material is well soldered, non-toxic, in terms of thermal conductivity, the walls of expanded polypropylene are comparable to brickwork.
The biological treatment station is a container consisting of several chambers that perform different functions.
Primary purification of sewage from large fractions takes place in the receiving chamber. There is also a weak oxidation of wastewater by activated sludge.
More intense oxidation with sludge after removal of large fractions of waste occurs in the main treatment chamber - the aerotank.
The next stage is the separation of working sludge from water in the secondary clarifier.
The fat film in this chamber is separated by a grease trap and transferred to an additional circuit in the aerotank.
Activated sludge accumulates and settles in a separate chamber - stabilizer.
The principle of operation of the station is to destroy the organic pollution of wastewater with activated sludge formed in the aerotank. In fact, organic matter is destroyed by aerobic bacteria entering the station with air. Excess activated sludge (1 - 2 buckets) is removed as it accumulates and can be used as fertilizer.
The service life of such systems is 50 years. At the same time, purified water is allowed to be discharged into water bodies, which indicates the high environmental safety of such a system. In addition, there is no unpleasant odor, and the biomass retains its properties for up to 3 months without active use of the system.
Cesspools in the sewerage system
The simplest sewerage in the country that you can do with your own hands is the arrangement of a cesspool.
It can be sealed or with the ability to filter the settled liquid through a natural filter in the bottom of the well.
A sealed cesspool does not provide for soil contamination with sewage. Waste of human vital activity, as the container is filled, is transported to the place of disposal by sewage transport. The volume of such a container is calculated taking into account the planned water consumption and the possibility of frequent pumping out of the collected waste.
Sealed cesspools are equipped either from concrete, or ready-made plastic containers of the required volume are used. For example, a do-it-yourself sewer in a country house made of concrete rings is a very good choice. The second option is a sewerage system in a country house made of Eurocubes, which you can also build with your own hands.
If the country house is not used for permanent residence, then it is possible to equip a cesspool with a filtering bottom. This is possible in places where the depth of groundwater is below 2.5 m from the surface, with sandy or sandy loam soil.
Otherwise, domestic wastewater filtered in the cesspool will pollute the aquifer, which can lead to pollution of water sources, reservoirs and, in general, adversely affect the ecology of adjacent territories.
An open-type cesspool is equipped with concrete rings or bricks. Filtration occurs after settling and clarifying water through the bottom of the well or perforation in the walls of the pit.
To guarantee the reliability of such a system, a capacity of at least 1 cubic meter per family member should be equipped. Over time, sludge and insoluble sediment will settle to the bottom of the pit, resulting in a decrease in filtration quality and speed. From time to time the cesspool will have to be cleaned.
Construction of a septic tank
In order for the sewer to work fully, you can also build a septic tank. You will find detailed instructions and the necessary materials in ours.
The choice of a sewerage system is a personal matter for the owner of a country house. But only the right choice of a system variant of one type or another will ensure reliable operation of the cleaning system and a comfortable life.
