The social nature of a person determines his ability to live in society and be part of it. The personality structure as such and the totality of the individual characteristics of a particular person provide him with the opportunity to be a subject of the sociocultural life of society.

Psychologists differ in their views and ideas about the content and structure of personality. However, there are many very interesting theories that allow us to better understand the social nature of man and the peculiarities of the functioning of his psyche.

Personality and its properties

- a single representative of the human race. When an individual begins to act as a subject of the sociocultural life of society, he becomes a personality. The structure of personality, its traits, properties and qualities “grow” on the characteristics of the individual’s psyche given at birth.

Personality is a set of stable psychological properties of an individual that determine his socially significant actions.

PERSONALITY PROPERTIES:

• Will is the ability to consciously control emotions and actions.
• Abilities are various personality properties necessary to carry out a particular activity.
• – a set of properties that determine and explain the direction of behavior.
• Temperament is a set of psychophysiological properties associated with the dynamics of mental processes.
• Character is a set of persistent properties that determine the characteristics of a person’s relationships and his behavior.

The concept of “personality” is used in everyday life when talking about a specific strong-willed, charismatic person respected by people.

Various personality theories

One of the most controversial issues in scientific psychology is the question of personality structure.

In order to understand the many different theories and definitions of personality structure, as well as to organize this knowledge, a classification of personality theories has been adopted on several grounds:

• By way of determining the reasons:

1. psychodynamic,
2. sociodynamic,
3. interactionist,
4. humanistic.

• By emphasis on the structure or dynamics of properties and qualities:

1. structural,
2. dynamic.

• According to the age range considered in the theory:

1. preschool and school age,
2. of all age periods.

There are other reasons for classifying personality theories. This diversity is caused by the lack of agreement in the views of different psychological movements and schools, which sometimes do not have any common points of intersection.

The most interesting and well-known personality theories:

• psychoanalytic theory of S. Freud;
• theory of personality traits by G. Allport and R. Cattell;
• E. Berne's theory of social roles;
• personality theory by A. Maslow;
• E. Erikson's personality theory.

Z. Freud is an outstanding scientist, the “father” of modern psychology, who turned people’s ideas about themselves and their own “I” upside down. Before him, it was generally accepted that the human psyche is his self-awareness and conscious activity.

S. Freud introduced the concept of “Unconscious” and developed the personality structure in the form of a three-component dynamic model. He formulated a psychodynamic theory, identified stages and defined them as psychosexual stages of development.

Psychoanalytic personality theory of S. Freud

The main emphasis and foundation of S. Freud's theory is his interpretation of unconscious mental processes and instincts as forces driving a person outside of his will and consciousness.

Natural desires and needs, coming into confrontation with morality and ethics, norms of behavior accepted in society, give rise to psychological and mental problems.

To solve such problems, S. Freud began to conduct a psychological analysis of the personal qualities and behavioral characteristics of his patients.

In psychoanalysis, the psychologist helps the client become aware of repressed desires and instincts through repeated experiences of traumatic events from childhood or the recent past, and uses methods of dream interpretation and free association.

Freud's personality structure includes three components:

• UNCONSCIOUS OR IT, Id (ID)

This component is present in a person from birth, as it includes instinctive, primitive forms of behavior. The unconscious is a source of psychic energy, the main, defining component of personality. The id pushes a person to immediately satisfy desires and needs and is guided by the principle of pleasure.

If instincts are not satisfied, nervousness, anxiety, and tension arise. If a person satisfies all his needs without taking into account the norms and rules accepted in society, his life activity is destructive. It is socially unacceptable to act instinctively, without thinking about the rationality and culture of your behavior.

According to Freud, there are two basic human instincts: the life instinct and the death instinct. The instinct of life includes forces that encourage a person to preserve and continue life and his family. The general name of these forces is Eros.

The death instinct is a group of forces of manifestation of aggression, cruelty, the desire to re-baptize life, destruction, death - Tonatos.

S. Freud considered the sexual instinct to be the main, fundamental and strongest. The powerful force of sexual instincts is Libido. Libido energy moves a person and finds release in sex.

These instincts are not conscious, but control the behavior of the individual.

• SUPERCONSCIOUSNESS OR SUPER-Ego, SUPER-EGO (SUPER-EGO)

Superconsciousness is morality, a system of moral norms and values, ethical principles that were instilled in the process of education and self-education, during socialization and adaptation in society. The super-ego is acquired, formed, and begins to manifest itself from the age of three, when the child learns to understand what “I” is, as well as what “good” and “bad” are.

Superconsciousness is a moral and ethical force. It includes conscience as the ability to critically perceive one’s thoughts and actions and the ego-ideal as rules of good behavior, restrictions, and standards of what is proper.

Parental guidance and control, developing into self-control, become idealistic ideas about “how it should be.” The voice of the parent/teacher/mentor that the child heard in childhood “transforms” into his own inner voice as the person grows up.

The super-ego stimulates a person to be conscientious, honest, sincere, to strive for spiritual values, development, self-realization, to experience guilt and shame for unworthy behavior.

• CONSCIOUSNESS OR I, EGO (EGO)

Freud's personality structure suggests that a person's ego is the part of the personality responsible for making decisions. The Conscious Ego seeks a compromise between the demands of the Id and the limitations of the Superego, which often act as opposing forces.

Consciousness ensures the safety and security of life by deciding to satisfy instincts in a socially acceptable form. It is Consciousness that perceives, feels, remembers, imagines, and reasons. It also involves the mind, trying to understand how and when it is better and more expedient to satisfy the desire.

The ego is guided by the reality principle. Ways to protect the Ego from both the excessive influence of the Unconscious and the Super-Ego are called defense mechanisms of the psyche. They are designed to restrain the impulses of the Unconscious and pressure from the Superconscious.

Defense mechanisms protect the ego from psychological trauma, excessive experiences, anxieties, fears and other negative phenomena.

Z. Freud identified the following protective mechanisms:

1. Repression is the transition of traumatic memories into the realm of the Unconscious.
2. Projection is the attribution of unacceptable qualities, thoughts and feelings to other people.
3. Rationalization is an attempt to rationally explain and justify unwanted actions, thoughts or behavior.
4. Regression is a return to childhood behavior patterns.
5. Sublimation is the transformation of sexual instinct into socially acceptable behavior, more often creativity.
6. Denial is the inability to admit the obvious, stubborn insistence that one is wrong.
7. Isolation is the repression of strong emotions that took place in a traumatic situation (the situation is recognized, but simply as a fact).
8. Identification is the process of excessively getting used to a role or a traumatic situation, attributing non-existent qualities to oneself.
9. Substitution is the unconscious replacement of a traumatic situation or action with other real or fictitious events.
10. Compensation and overcompensation is the desire to make shortcomings invisible by developing advantages.

A person with a strong, developed Ego successfully maintains a balance between the Id and the Super-Ego and effectively resolves internal conflicts. A weak Ego is either weak-willed, too susceptible to the influence of driving forces, or rigid, too unyielding.

In both the first and second cases, the personality structure becomes unbalanced, harmony is disturbed, and psychological well-being is threatened.

The correct personality structure according to Freud presupposes a balance of all its components, harmony between the Ego, the Id and the Super-I.

Introduction

The idea of ​​classical psychoanalysis

Personality structure in classical psychoanalysis

Personality dynamics

Psychosexual stages of personality development

Introduction

It is known that the main regulator of human behavior is consciousness. Freud discovered that behind the veil of consciousness there is hidden a deep, layer of powerful aspirations, drives, and desires that are not consciously recognized by the individual. As an attending physician, he was faced with the fact that these unconscious experiences and motives can seriously burden life and even become the cause of neuropsychiatric diseases.

But, moreover, Freud was the first to suggest that this deep layer, as well as the superstructures above it, are the elements that make up the personality. And after the work he had done, Freud presented a ready-made model of personality structure and characterized its dynamics.

And in this work, we will try to meaningfully but succinctly highlight the main theses of the structure and dynamics of personality as presented by classical psychoanalysis, the founder of which was Sigmund Freud.

The idea of ​​classical psychoanalysis

“Classical psychoanalysis is a direction of psychotherapy based on the teachings of S. Freud, focusing on the driving forces of mental life, motives, drives, meanings.” .

Before the creation of Freudian theory, psychology had only the phenomenon of consciousness as an object of study, that is, the fact that consciousness exists was undeniable, but it remained something ephemeral, not amenable to study.

And as a result of his work, Freud came to the conclusion that the human psyche has a complex system consisting of various levels and components, reflecting both conscious and unconscious processes. Freud suggested the existence of two forms of the unconscious. This is, firstly, the hidden, “latent” unconscious, i.e. something that has left consciousness, but may later be conscious; secondly, it is the repressed unconscious, i.e. those mental formations that cannot become conscious because they are counteracted by some powerful invisible force. As a result, Freud called the first type of unconscious preconscious, and the second - actually.

It is also worth saying that Freud emphasizes that he considered the unconscious to be the central component constituting the essence of the human psyche, and the conscious to be only a certain superstructure, based and growing from the sphere of the unconscious.

Also, Freud identified three aspects of human functioning, expressed in the concepts of “It”, or “Id”, “I” or “Ego”, and “Super-I”, or “super-ego”. And it is precisely these three concepts that make up the structure of personality.

Thus, in his teaching, Z. Freud developed a structural diagram of the psyche, in which he identified three levels: conscious, preconscious (or subconscious) and unconscious. And also, the interactions of three levels that are in certain relationships with each other (“It”, “I”, “Super-I”).

Personality structure in classical psychoanalysis

And so, “Id”, “Ego”, “Super-Ego” or, as it is written in Russian sources - “It”, “I” and “Super-I”.

Each of these personality structures has its own functions, properties, components, operating principles, dynamics and mechanisms, but they are so closely interconnected that it is almost impossible to separately isolate their influence on human behavior. “Behavior almost always appears as a product of the interaction of these three systems; It is extremely rare that one of them acts without the other two.”

“It” is the deepest layer of the psyche. It includes everything mental that is innate and present at birth, including instincts. It is a reservoir for a certain psychic energy and provides energy for two other systems (“Ego” and “Super-Ego”). Freud called the id "true psychic reality" because it reflects the inner world of subjective experiences and is unaware of objective reality.

Freud's "id" refers exclusively to the primitive, instinctual and innate aspects of the personality. The “id” functions entirely in the unconscious and is closely related to instinctive biological drives (eating, sleeping, defecation, copulation) that energize our behavior. According to Freud, the “Id” is something dark, biological, chaotic, not aware of laws, not subject to rules. It remains central to the individual throughout his life. Being primitive in its core, it is free from all limitations, be it caution or fear. Being the oldest original structure of the psyche, “It” expresses the primary principle of all human life - the immediate discharge of psychic energy produced by biologically determined impulses (especially sexual and aggressive). The latter, when they are restrained and do not find release, create tension in personal functioning and become a factor in the formation of neurosis or another disorder, for example, depression. The immediate release of tension is called the pleasure principle. The "it" obeys this principle by expressing itself - most freely in the dream - in an impulsive, irrational and narcissistic (exaggeratedly selfish) manner, regardless of the consequences for others or in spite of self-preservation. Since the It does not know fear or anxiety, it does not resort to precautions in expressing its goal - this fact can, as Freud believed, pose a danger to the individual and to society, and therefore requires the consultation and help of a psychologist. In other words, “It” can be compared to a blind king, whose brutal power and authority forces him to obey, but to exercise this power he is forced to rely on his subjects. .

In order to obtain this pleasure, there are two processes that the “Id” “uses.” This is a reflex action and a primary process. Reflex actions are innate automatic reactions such as sneezing and blinking; they usually relieve tension immediately. The body is equipped with a number of such reflexes in order to cope with relatively simple forms of arousal.

The primary process involves a more complex reaction. It tries to release energy by creating an image of the object, which will cause the energy to move. For example, the primary process will give a hungry person a mental image of food. A hallucinatory experience in which a desired object is represented as a memory image is called wish fulfillment. A typical example of a primary process in a healthy person is a dream, which, as Freud believed, always represents the fulfillment or attempt to fulfill a wish. The hallucinations and visions of psychotics are also examples of the primary process. But the primary process itself is not able to relieve tension: a hungry person cannot eat an image of food. This kind of confusion can lead to psychological stress or even death if some external sources of need satisfaction do not appear. Therefore, Freud argued, it is an impossible task for an infant to learn to postpone gratification of primary needs. The capacity for delayed gratification first emerges when young children learn that there is an outside world beyond their own needs and desires. With the advent of this knowledge, a second personality structure, the “I,” arises.

“I” appears due to the fact that the needs of the body require appropriate interactions with the world of objective reality. The "I" strives to express and satisfy the desires of the id in accordance with the restrictions imposed by the external world.

In other words, the Self is subject to the reality principle and operates through a secondary process. The purpose of the reality principle is to prevent tension from discharging until an object suitable for satisfaction is found. The reality principle temporarily suspends the action of the pleasure principle, although, ultimately, when the desired object is discovered and the tension is reduced, it is the pleasure principle that is “served.”

The secondary process is realistic thinking. Through the secondary process, the self formulates a plan to satisfy needs and then tests it. A hungry person thinks about where he can find food, and then starts looking for it there. This is called a reality check.

However, “I” is a derivative of “It”, and is, in fact, a servant of the desires of the “Id”, but a “literate” servant who knows how to find objectively acceptable ways to satisfy these desires. The “I” does not have an existence separate from the “It”, and in an absolute sense is always dependent on it, since it feeds precisely on the energy of the “Id”.

The third and last developing personality system is the “Super-Ego”. It is the internal system of values ​​and ideals of society as they are interpreted for the child by the parents and forcibly instilled through rewards and punishments applied to the child.

The "super-ego" is the morality of the individual, it is an ideal rather than a reality, and serves more for improvement than for pleasure. Its main task is to evaluate the rightness or wrongness of something based on the moral standards instilled by a particular society.

The “super-ego”, as the moral judge accompanying a person, develops in response to rewards and punishments coming from parents. To receive rewards and avoid punishment, the child learns to structure his behavior in accordance with the requirements of his parents.

What is considered wrong and for which the child is punished is deposited in the conscience - one of the subsystems of the “Super-I”. What they approve of and what they reward the child for is included in another subsystem - “I-ideal ». Conscience punishes a person, making him feel guilty; the “ideal self” rewards him, filling him with pride. With the formation of the “Super-I,” self-control takes the place of parental control.

Thus, it turns out that the structure of a person’s personality contains several systems that are interconnected in a special way. Deep in the unconscious, the “Id” exists as a kind of reservoir of energy that is needed to fulfill the biological needs of a person, however, the “Id” does not care how to satisfy these needs. In this regard, the “I” appears as a kind of objectively acceptable “vector” of the “It” energy, that is, using the principle of objectivity, and, moreover, permeating all three layers of the psyche (unconscious, preconscious and conscious). And as the controller of all “actions” of “It” and “I” (especially “It”), you act as the “Super-I” (Figure 1).

Picture 1.

Personality dynamics

Personality dynamics is a general term used to refer to the study of complex, interactive, dynamic aspects of motivation, emotion, and behavior.

The dynamics of personality are determined by the ways of distribution and use of psychic energy on the part of the “It”, “I” and “Super-Ego”. Since the total amount of energy is limited, the three systems “compete” for the possession of energy. Initially, "It" has all the energy and uses it for reflexive actions and the fulfillment of desires through the primary process. These two types of activity are in complete service to the pleasure principle on the basis of which the “Id” operates. Bringing energy into action - into action that will satisfy the "Id" - is called an object-choice or object-cathexis.

The dynamics of personality are also largely determined by the need to satisfy needs through interaction with objects of the external world. The environment provides the hungry body with food. In addition to this role - a source of support - the outside world plays another role in the fate of the individual. There are dangers in it: it can not only satisfy, but also threaten. The environment has the power to cause pain and increase tension - as well as to bring pleasure and reduce tension. The usual human reaction to external threats that he is not ready to cope with is fear. The self, overwhelmed by overstimulation beyond control, becomes filled with anxiety.

Freud distinguished three types of anxiety: real anxiety, neurotic anxiety, and moral anxiety or guilt. The main type is real anxiety or fear of real dangers in the outside world; the other two are derived from it. Neurotic anxiety represents the fear that an instinct will get out of control and cause a person to do something that will result in punishment. Neurotic anxiety is not so much the fear of instincts as such, but rather the fear of punishment that will follow its satisfaction. Neurotic anxiety has a basis in reality, since in the person of parents or other authoritarian figures, the world punishes the child for impulsive actions. Moral anxiety is fear of conscience. People with a well-developed “super-ego” tend to feel guilty when doing something contrary to the moral code or even thinking about it. They are said to be tormented by pangs of conscience. Moral anxiety is also fundamentally realistic: in the past a person was punished for moral violations, and they can be punished again.

The functions of alarm are to warn a person about impending danger. Anxiety is a state of tension; this is an urge, like hunger or sexual urge, but does not arise in the internal tissues, but is initially associated with external causes. Increased anxiety motivates a person to take action. He can leave a dangerous place, restrain his impulse, obey the voice of his conscience.

Anxiety that cannot be effectively dealt with is called traumatic. It returns a person to a state of infantile helplessness. In fact, the prototype of later anxiety is birth trauma. The world bombards a newborn with stimuli to which he is not prepared and cannot adapt. The child needs a refuge so that the self has a chance to develop enough to cope with strong external stimuli. If the “I” is unable to deal with anxiety rationalistically, it is forced to revert to unrealistic methods. These are defense mechanisms.

These defense mechanisms are designed to reduce the level of tension in the “I” that is created by overwhelming anxiety.

Freud identified seven defense mechanisms: 1. suppression of desires - removal of desires from consciousness, since it “cannot” be satisfied; suppression is not final; it is often the source of bodily diseases of a psychogenic nature (headaches, arthritis, ulcers, asthma, heart disease, hypertension, etc.). The mental energy of suppressed desires is present in the human body regardless of his consciousness and finds its painful bodily expression. The result of suppression is demonstrative indifference to a given sphere, reality; 2. denial – withdrawal into fantasy, denial of any event as “untrue”. “This cannot be” - a person shows clear indifference to logic, does not notice contradictions in his judgments; 3. rationalization - building acceptable moral, logical justifications, arguments to explain and justify unacceptable forms of behavior, thoughts, actions, desires; 4. inversion - substitution of actions, thoughts, feelings that correspond to a genuine desire, with diametrically opposite behavior, thoughts, feelings (for example, a child initially wants to receive his mother’s love for himself, but, not receiving this love, begins to experience the exact opposite desire to annoy, anger his mother , cause a quarrel and hatred of the mother towards herself); 5. projection – attributing one’s own qualities, thoughts, feelings to another person, i.e. "removing the threat from oneself." When something is condemned in others, this is precisely what a person does not accept in himself, but cannot admit it, does not want to understand that these same qualities are inherent in him. For example, a person claims that “some Jews are deceivers,” although in fact this could mean: “I sometimes deceive”; 6. isolation – separation of the threatening part of the situation from the rest of the mental sphere, which can lead to separation, dual personality, and an incomplete “I”; 7. regression - a return to an earlier, primitive way of responding; stable regressions manifest themselves in the fact that a person justifies his actions from the perspective of a child’s thinking, does not recognize logic, defends his point of view, despite the correctness of his interlocutor’s arguments, the person does not develop mentally, and sometimes childhood habits return (biting nails, etc.) .

Personality develops on the basis of four sources of tension: 1) processes of physiological growth; 2) frustrations; 3) conflicts and 4) threats. A direct consequence of the increase in tension arising from these four sources is that the individual is forced to learn to discharge this tension. This is what is meant by personality development. Identification and displacement are two methods by which an individual learns to resolve frustrations, conflicts and anxieties.

Identification can be defined as the method by which a person takes on the characteristics of another and makes them part of his own personality. A person learns to reduce tension by modeling his behavior after someone else's. We choose as models those who, it seems to us, are more successful in meeting their needs than we are. The child is identified with the parents because they are seen as omnipotent, at least in early childhood. As children get older, they find other people with whom they identify—those whose achievements are more in line with their current desires. Each period has its own figures of identification. Needless to say, most identifications occur unconsciously and not with conscious intention, as it may seem. Displacement is when the original object of choice turns out to be inaccessible due to external or internal barriers (anti-cathexis), a new cathexis is formed, unless strong suppression occurs. If this new cathexis is also blocked, a new displacement occurs, etc., until an object is found that allows the tension to be relieved. Throughout the series of shifts which largely constitute the formation of personality, the source and purpose of instinct remain unchanged; only the object changes.

Thus, the dynamics of personality are determined by the ways of distribution and use of psychic energy on the part of the “It”, “I” and “Super-Ego”. Also, it is largely determined by the need to satisfy needs through interaction with objects of the external world, which, in addition to the function of satisfying the needs of the “Id,” also carries dangers that, when affecting the “I,” create a state of anxiety in it.

Psychosexual stages of personality development

There is an opinion that Freud was the first theoretical psychologist who paid special attention to personality development and, in particular, emphasized the decisive role of early childhood in the formation of basic personality structures. . Thus, the dynamics of personality are best traced in the periodization of the psychosexual stages of personality development identified by Freud.

During the first five years of life, a child goes through five dynamically differentiated stages. According to Freud, the first five years of a child's life play a decisive role in the formation of personality. Each stage of development during the first five years of life is determined by the response characteristics of certain bodily zones. In the first stage, which lasts about a year, the most important area of ​​dynamic activity is, for example, the mouth.

The oral stage begins at birth and lasts until the second year. During this period, all primary sensory pleasures are associated with the child's mouth: sucking, biting, swallowing. Inadequate development at this stage - too much or too little - can give rise to an oral personality type, that is, a person who pays too much attention to habits associated with the mouth: smoking, kissing and eating. Freud believed that a very wide range of adult habits and character traits - from excessive optimism to sarcasm and cynicism - are rooted in this childhood oral stage.

During the anal stage, the main source of pleasure moves from the mouth to the anal area. The child receives primary satisfaction from this area of ​​the body. It is at this time that the child begins to learn to use the toilet independently. In this case, the child may either show increased activity or even refuse to defecate. Both cases indicate open disobedience to parents. Conflicts at this stage of development can lead to the emergence of two different personality types in adulthood: the anal-expelling (untidy, wasteful and extravagant type of person) and the anal-retentive (incredibly clean, neat and organized type).

During the phallic stage of development, which occurs in the fourth year of a child's life, the child's primary focus is on erotic gratification, which includes admiration and display of genitals and sexual fantasies. Freud describes this stage using the concept of the Oedipus complex. As you know, Oedipus is a character in ancient Greek mythology who, unknowingly, kills his father and marries his own mother. According to Freud, at this stage the child develops an attraction to the parent of the opposite sex and a rejection of the parent of the same sex, who is now perceived as a rival.

The latent stage is characterized by a decrease in sexual interest. The psychic authority “I” completely controls the needs of “It”; being divorced from the sexual goal, the energy of the “Id” is transferred to the development of universal human experience, enshrined in science and culture, as well as to the establishment of friendly relationships with peers and adults outside the family environment.

Genital stage . Cathexis of the pregenital periods are narcissistic in nature. This means that the individual derives satisfaction from stimulating or manipulating his own body, and other people are cathected only insofar as they help provide additional forms of bodily pleasure. During adolescence, part of this narcissism or narcissism turns into a special object-choice. The adolescent begins to love others for altruistic reasons rather than simply for selfish or narcissistic reasons. Sexual attractiveness, socialization, group activities, vocational determination, preparation for marriage and family life begin to emerge.

Despite the fact that Freud identified five stages of personal development, he did not assume that there were sharp transitions from one to another.

Thus, the first five years of a person’s life play an important role in the dynamics of personality development. But in the future, as the individual grows older, he experiences some changes.

Conclusion

The theory of personality developed by Sigmund Freud shocked the ideas of its time, since it presented man not as homo sapiens, who is aware of his behavior, but as a being in conflict, the roots of which lie in the unconscious. Freud was the first to characterize the psyche as a battlefield between irreconcilable instincts, reason and consciousness.

Freud's psychoanalytic theory exemplifies the psychodynamic approach. Dynamics here means that human behavior is determined, and unconscious mental processes are of great importance in regulating human behavior.

Literature

Johnson R. Dreams and fantasies, analysis and use. REFL-Book WACKLER, 1996.

Zeigarnik B.V. Theories of personality in foreign psychology. - M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 1982.

Cordwell M. Psychology. A – Z: Dictionary-reference book / Transl. from English K.S. Tkachenko. – M.: FAIR PRESS, 1999.

Maklakov A. G. General psychology. – SPb.: PETER, 2001.

Obukhova L.F. Developmental psychology: a textbook for universities. – M.: Higher education; MGPPU, 2007.

Freud Z. “I and It”, 1923. Collected works in 26 volumes. St. Petersburg: Publishing house "VEIP", 2005.

Kjell L., Ziegler D. Theories of personality. – SPb.: PETER, 2000

Shapovalenko I.V. Age-related psychology. – M.: Gardariki, 2005.

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Similar abstracts:

The psychosomatic direction in medicine considers the mechanism of the occurrence of diseases as the result of a primary violation of the soul, the human psyche.

The concept of “Psychoanalysis” was first introduced by Sigmund Freud to designate a new method of studying and treating neuroses and mental disorders. However, over time, the concept of psychoanalysis became so widely used in medical, psychological and philosophical literature that it lost its original therapeutic meaning. It can be argued that already at the turn of the 20th century, “Psychoanalysis” became the name of a psychological method that studies the unconscious in human mental activity and applies stable patterns of its manifestation in behavior for the diagnosis and treatment of mental and psychosomatic diseases. According to Freud, psychoanalysis arose as a therapy, but its founder recommended using psychoanalysis not only and not so much as a therapy, but as the basis of a new philosophical system of views on man and his essence.

In modern psychology as a science, psychoanalysis is both the most important basis of psychotherapy, the art of dream interpretation, a method of interpreting behavior, and, finally, one of the areas of self-knowledge.

It is also worth saying that Freud emphasizes that he considered the unconscious to be the central component constituting the essence of the human psyche, and the conscious to be only a certain superstructure based and growing from the sphere of the unconscious. And so, “Id”, “Ego”, “Super-Ego” or , as written in Russian sources - “It”, “I” and “Super-I”.

Each of these personality structures has its own functions, properties, components, principles of action, dynamics and mechanisms. To study the dynamics of personality development in the process of life, Freud transformed his topographical model into a more flexible - structural model of the psyche, introducing into consideration three levels (subsystems) at which personality develops. The human personality, according to this model, includes three structural components - the Id (ID), the I (EGO) and the Super-I (Super-EGO), which arise and develop according to their own programs against the background of a constant desire for homeostasis.

The first (simultaneously with the birth of a person) arises “It”, which is the receptacle of instinctive needs (“Basement of the human personality”) such as the survival instinct, impulsive drives (Eros) and the death instinct (Thanatos). Their joint energy potential represents a person’s vital reserve, which he spends within the framework of the model of minimizing mental stress.

The EGO subsystem arises on the border of the conscious and unconscious (in the preconscious) as a person grows biologically and is finally formed by the age of three years of his life. The function of the EGO in this dynamic model is to structure behavior so that its instinctive impulses are satisfied with minimal violations of the requirements of the external environment (parents, society, world). and consciousness would not be disturbed.

The Super-Ego subsystem is formed last, between 3 and 6 years of life. Its function is to mix the conflict between the individual (IT + EGO) and society, which inevitably arises throughout a person’s life. The super-ego continuously monitors compliance with the moral and ethical standards accepted in a given society.

According to this three-level dynamic model of personality development, the foundations of character, psyche and even the line of fate are formed in a person before the age of five. After this, a person only “functions,” eliminating or smoothing out conflicts that are hidden in the form of blocks in the unconscious, causing at the conscious level certain psychological manifestations to the point of pathologies.

12. Personality structure and the process of individuation. Collective unconscious (C. G. Jung)

At the center of Jung's teaching is the concept of "individuation." The process of individuation is determined by the entire set of mental states, which are coordinated by a system of complementary relationships that contribute to the maturation of the individual. Jung emphasized the importance of the religious function of the soul, considering it an integral component of the process of individuation.

Jung understood neuroses not only as a disorder, but also as a necessary impulse for the “expansion” of consciousness and, therefore, as a stimulus to achieve maturity (healing). From this point of view, mental disorders are not just failure, illness or developmental delay, but an incentive to self-realization and personal integrity.

Jung believed that personality structure consists of three parts:

The collective unconscious, its contents are archetypes - prototypes, a kind of patterns of behavior, thinking, vision of the world, existing like instincts.

The individual unconscious, its contents are complexes.

Consciousness. Jung considered the main archetypes of the individual psyche to be:

The ego is the center of personal consciousness, our inner “I”. It is located on the border with the unconscious and periodically “connects” with it. When the harmony of this connection is disturbed, neurosis occurs.

Persona is the center of personal consciousness - the calling card of the “I”, this is the manner of speaking, thinking, dressing, this is the social role that we play in society. Plays two main functions: - can emphasize our individuality and uniqueness; - serves as a form of protection (the principle is “to be like everyone else”).

The shadow is the center of the personal unconscious (desires, experiences, tendencies), which is denied by our “Ego” as incompatible with ourselves and moral standards. Jung put forward a hypothesis about the compensatory function of the shadow: The brave is timid in the unconscious, the kind is angry, the evil is good. - Anima (in a man) and Animus (in a woman) - the unconscious part of the personality - these are those parts of the soul that reflect intersex connections, ideas about opposite field. Parents have a great influence on their development. This archetype largely shapes human behavior and creativity, since it is a source of projections and new images in the human soul. These are archetypes of the collective unconscious, they are refracted into individually unconscious archetypes.

The Self is an unconscious archetype, the main task of which is to maintain the coherence of all links and structures of the personality (the core of the entire personality). Based on the structure of the soul, Jung created his typology of personality, identifying two types:

Extroverts are people who direct the maximum of their mental energy “outside”, to other people.

Introverts are people who direct all their energy inwards.

However, the Self, the desire for personality integrity, does not allow one of its sides to completely subordinate the other.

Jung's typology is based on two foundations - the dominance of extra-introversion and the development of four main mental processes: thinking and sensations (rational mental functions), feeling and intuition (irrational mental functions). Each person is dominated by one or another process, which, in combination with intro - or extraversion individualizes the path of human development: the sensing - thinking type is when at the conscious level there are sensations and thinking, and at the unconscious level - feeling and intuition. And the sensual - intuitive type - on the conscious level - feeling and intuition, and on the unconscious - sensations and thinking. Although Jung considered the main content of the soul to be its unconscious structures, he not only did not deny the possibility of their awareness, but also considered this process very important for the personal human growth.

Jung's method of psychotherapy differs from Freud's. The analyst does not remain passive, but must often take the most active role in the session. In addition to free association, Jung used a kind of “directed” association to help understand the content of a dream using motifs and symbols from other sources.

16. Dispositional theory of personality structure
The theory of personality dispositions is based on scientific achievements of both psychology and sociology. The psychological theory of dispositions belongs to Gordon Allport.
G. Allport defines personality as the real essence of each individual person, unique in his own uniqueness. A scientist calls personality what lies behind a person’s specific actions within himself. “Personality is the dynamic organization of those psychophysical systems within the individual that determine his characteristic behavior and thinking.” It is not a static entity, although it has an underlying structure that is constantly
evolves. Along with intelligence and physical constitution, temperament is the primary genetic material from which personality is built. He
a particularly important hereditary aspect of a person’s emotional nature (ease of emotional arousal, prevailing mood background, mood swings, intensity of emotions). Character is an ethical concept and is traditionally associated with a certain moral standard or value system according to which an individual’s actions are assessed.
In the later works of G. Allport, the traits were called dispositions, among which three types can be distinguished: cardinal, central and secondary:
1) cardinal, characteristic of a few people who live by one global idea that determines their affairs and actions; among individuals with such a disposition one can name Don Juan, Joan of Arc;
2) central ones, from which the “core” of the personality (prorium) is built and which determine its individuality; central dispositions are the building blocks of personality and represent tendencies in a person’s behavior that are easily detected by others and mentioned in letters of recommendation (for example, punctuality, attentiveness, responsibility);
3) secondary, i.e. having a derivative nature, less noticeable, less stable (for example, habits, features in clothing, food, behavior).
Personal dispositions are characterized by intention - orientation, which includes various aspirations and desires of the individual (plans, goals, ambitions, etc.). The dispositional direction of personality psychology is based on two general ideas . First is that people have a wide range of predispositions to react in certain ways in different situations. That is, people demonstrate a certain consistency in actions, thoughts and emotions. . Second The main idea is related to the fact that no two people are exactly alike.
Personality, according to Allport, is the dynamic organization of those psychophysical systems in an individual that determine his characteristic behavior and thinking and determine his unique adaptation to the environment. From the perspective of Allport's theory, a personality trait can be defined as a predisposition to behave in a similar way in a wide range of situations.
Allport suggested that there is a certain principle that organizes attitudes, motives, evaluations and inclinations into a single whole. For this purpose he coined the term “proprium”. Proprium is a positive, creative, growth-seeking property of human nature, it covers all aspects of the personality that contribute to the formation of a sense of inner unity. Allport identified seven different aspects involved in the development of the proprium:
· feeling of your body;
· sense of self-identity;
· sense of self-esteem;
· expansion of self;
· self-image;
· rational self-management;
· finally, proprietary desire.
Allport had never practiced psychotherapy and therefore refused to believe that mature and immature people had much in common. Allport worked for a long time to create an adequate description of the “mature personality,” ultimately concluding that a psychologically mature person is guided by six traits:
1) a mature person has wide boundaries of “I”;

2) a mature person is capable of warm, cordial social relationships;
3) a mature person demonstrates emotional non-concern and self-acceptance;
4) a mature person demonstrates realistic perceptions, experiences and aspirations;
5) a mature person demonstrates the ability to self-knowledge and a sense of humor;
6) a mature person has an integral philosophy of life.
The next representative of the dispositional direction is Raymond Cattell. Cattell's approach is based on the use of rigorous empirical research methods. According to Cattell, personality is what allows us to predict a person's behavior in a given situation. He views personality as a complex and differentiated structure of traits, where motivation primarily depends on a subsystem of so-called dynamic traits. Trait is the most important concept in Cattell. Central to Cattell is the distinction between surface and original features. He considers the underlying traits to be more important than the superficial ones. Dynamic traits can be divided into three groups: attitude, erg and feeling.

Eysenck's theory of personality types is based on factor analysis. His hierarchical model of personality structure includes personality types, personality traits, habitual responses, and specific responses. Types are sets in which the characteristics of individuals are located between two extreme points. Eysenck emphasizes that most people do not fall into extreme categories. According to Eysenck, the personality structure is based on two main types (supertraits): introversion - extraversion and stability - neuroticism,
In Russian literature, the theory of dispositions is developed by V. A. Yadov. Disposition is understood as a person’s predisposition to perceive the social situation and conditions of activity and to behave in a certain way in these conditions. V. A. Yadov identifies four levels of dispositions:
1. Lower dispositions based on vital needs - needs for food, housing, etc.
2. Social fixed attitudes, manifested in different specific situations.
3. Basic (generalized) social attitudes that are realized in typical situations of interaction between individuals.
4. A system of value orientations associated with the highest goals of the individual.
V. A. Yadov formulated the concept of dispositional regulation of personality behavior. The essence of this concept is as follows: in the simplest situations in which role requirements are not clearly fixed, a person is guided by elementary attitudes; in more complex situations, where certain norms and role requirements apply, the individual’s behavior is based on basic attitudes (value orientations); in large social groups, human behavior is regulated by higher dispositions that constitute the most important value standards of society.

17. The concept of activity, structure of activity, leading activity.
One of the distinctive features of all living beings is activity. In humans it manifests itself in the form of activity. Thus, activity is a specific human type of activity.
Activity is a specifically human, purposeful activity of a subject regulated by consciousness, during which he achieves his goals, meets various needs and masters social experience. Activity plays an important role in a person’s life, thanks to it consciousness develops and mental processes are carried out. Considering that human activity is carried out in most cases collectively, the social nature of a person, that is, his personality, also develops in activity.
Activity as a psychological process is a complex structural formation in which the interaction of various elements occurs. The main components of activity are actions and operations, which, like behavior, are motivated by motivation, goals, and objectives. Let's take a closer look at the activity structure:
Purpose is what the activity is for.
Motive is why an activity is carried out.
Action is how an activity is carried out.
Example: a man collects firewood (action) to light a fire (goal), because he needs to stay warm and cook food (motive), since he is cold and hungry (another motive). As you can see, very often the structure of activity contains not one goal and one motive, but a whole complex of goals and motives.
Main stages of activity:
· setting a task (goal);
· drawing up an action plan;
· performance;
· checking the result and correcting errors;
· summing up.
The American psychologist Abraham Maslow determined the motivation of activity by human needs and identified five main types of them:
in turn, he divided into two types:
1) primary:
· physiological needs;
· safety and security;
2) secondary:
· social needs (for communication, affection, friendship);
· the need for respect (i.e. recognition of personal achievements, self-affirmation, leadership);
Self-expression (creativity, striving for excellence).
This classification was supplemented many times by various psychologists who added new needs or divided existing ones into subtypes. From the point of view of social science, I don’t see the point in this, since for us the main thing is the division into primary (material) and secondary (spiritual). It is the presence of secondary needs that distinguishes a person from an animal,
Leading activity - activity during the implementation of which the emergence and formation of basic psychological formations occurs
a person at one or another stage of his development and the foundations are laid for the transition to a new leading activity.
Kinds:
- direct communication between the baby and adults;
-object-manipulative activities in early childhood;
- plot-role-playing game of preschool age;
- educational activities of schoolchildren;
-professional and educational activities of youth.

18. The concept of temperament. Types of temperament and their psychological assessment.
Temperament should be understood as individually unique properties of the psyche that determine the dynamics of a person’s mental activity, which are equally manifested in a variety of activities, regardless of its content, goals, motives, remain constant in adulthood and, in their mutual connection, characterize the type of temperament. Specific manifestations of the type of temperament are diverse. They are not only noticeable in the external demeanor, but seem to permeate all aspects of the psyche, significantly manifesting themselves in cognitive activity, the sphere of feelings, motivations and actions of a person, as well as in character
mental work, speech characteristics, etc.
To compile the psychological characteristics of the traditional 4 types, the following basic properties of temperament are usually distinguished:
· Sensitivity is determined by the smallest force of external influences required for the occurrence of any
mental reaction of a person, and what is the speed of occurrence of this reaction.
· Reactivity is characterized by the degree of involuntary reactions to external or internal influences of the same strength
(critical remark. offensive word, harsh tone - even sound).
· Activity indicates how intensely (energetically a person influences the outside world and overcomes
obstacles in achieving goals (perseverance, focus, concentration).
· The ratio of reactivity and activity determines what human activity depends on to a greater extent: from random external
or internal circumstances, moods, random events) or from goals, intentions, beliefs.
· Plasticity and rigidity indicate how easily and flexibly a person adapts to external influences
(plasticity) or how inert and rigid his behavior is.
· Extraversion, introversion determines what a person’s reactions and activities primarily depend on - external
impressions arising at the moment (extrovert), or from images, ideas and thoughts associated with the past and future (introvert).

Taking into account all the listed properties. J. Strelyau gives the following psychological characteristics of the main classical types of temperament:

SANGUINE. A person with increased reactivity, but at the same time his activity and reactivity are balanced. He responds vividly and excitedly
to everything that attracts his attention, he has lively facial expressions and expressive movements. For an insignificant reason he laughs, but an insignificant fact can make him angry. From his face it is easy to guess his mood, attitude towards an object or person. He has a high sensitivity threshold, so he does not notice very weak sounds and light stimuli. Possessing increased activity and being very energetic and efficient, he actively takes on new work and can work for a long time without getting tired. He is able to concentrate quickly, is disciplined, and, if desired, can restrain the manifestation of his feelings and involuntary reactions. He is characterized by quick movements, flexibility of mind, and resourcefulness. fast pace of speech, quick integration into new work.
High plasticity is manifested in the variability of feelings, moods, interests and aspirations. A sanguine person easily gets along with new people and quickly gets used to new requirements and surroundings. Without effort, he not only switches from one job to another, but also retrains. mastering new skills. As a rule, he responds more to external impressions than to subjective images and ideas about the past and future, an extrovert.
For a sanguine person, feelings arise easily and are easily replaced. The ease with which a sanguine person forms and remakes new temporary connections, the greater mobility of the stereotype, is also reflected in the mental mobility of sanguine people, and reveals a certain tendency to instability.
CHOLERICK. Like a sanguine person, he is characterized by low sensitivity, high reactivity and activity. But in a choleric person, reactivity clearly prevails over activity, so he is unbridled, unrestrained, and impatient. Hot-tempered. It is less plastic and more inert. Than sanguine. Hence - greater stability of aspirations and interests, greater perseverance, difficulties in switching attention are possible, he is more of an extrovert.
PHLEGMATIC PERSON has high activity, significantly prevailing over low reactivity, low sensitivity and emotionality. His
it is difficult to make him laugh and sadden - when people laugh loudly around him, he can remain unperturbed. In big troubles he remains calm.
Usually he has poor facial expressions, his movements are inexpressive and slow, just like his speech. He is unresourceful, has difficulty switching attention and adapting to a new environment, and slowly rebuilds skills and habits. At the same time, he is energetic and efficient. Characterized by patience, endurance, self-control. As a rule, he has difficulty meeting new people, responds poorly to external impressions, and is an introvert. The disadvantage of a phlegmatic person is his inertia,
inactivity. Inertia also affects the rigidity of his stereotypes and the difficulty of his restructuring. However, this quality, inertia, also has a positive
meaning, contributes to the solidity and constancy of personality.
MELANCHOLIC A person with high sensitivity and low reactivity. Increased sensitivity with great inertia leads to
that an insignificant reason can make him cry, he is overly touchy, painfully sensitive. His facial expressions and movements are inexpressive, his voice is quiet, his movements are poor.

Moscow Social Pedagogical Institute

Abstract on human psychology

Psychoanalysis about personality

Moscow 2009

Plan

1. The concept of personality in psychology

3. Freud's personality theory

4. Periodization of personality development in the theory of S. Freud

5. Additions to the theory of S. Freud by other representatives of psychoanalysis

6. Let's argue with Freud!

7. The meaning of Freud's theory

8. Freud's theory and some religious concepts

Literature

1. The concept of personality in psychology

Today there is no single generally accepted definition of personality. An outstanding researcher of the problems of personality theory, Henry Allport, identified various aspects of considering personality: theological, philosophical, legal, sociological, behavioral and actually psychological.

An important feature of the psychological view on the problem of personality, in contrast to the interpretation of personality in other disciplines, is the postulate about the dynamic nature of personality. Although at each moment of time we are dealing with some stable system, which can be called a personality, it is more appropriate to talk about personality as a process rather than a result. D.A. Leontiev gives the following formulation: “Personality is a form of human existence.”

I understand that personality in psychology is a set of mental processes: regulatory, such as motivation, emotions, will, attention, and cognitive, such as sensation, perception, memory, thinking, speech, intelligence.

2. Classification of personality theories

In modern psychology, there are dozens of theories of personality. As a rule, specific theories are based not only/not always on empirical knowledge, but necessarily include the axiomatic assumption that there is a person. These assumptions can hardly be strictly proven (they are often borrowed from various areas of philosophy), and only taken together they are able to explain (and only occasionally predict) the inner world and actions of a particular person. At the same time, one and the same personality in one situation, or at one stage of life, can be successfully interpreted based on the image of a person in need, created by psychoanalysis; in another situation, it will be more adequate to involve the image of a self-actualizing person and the provisions of humanistic psychology; in a third, it will be necessary to use ideas about an active person (active approach).

One of the possible criteria for classifying theories is the following alternative: does a person seem to be a system striving for homeostasis (equilibrium), or a system striving for heterostasis (disturbance of equilibrium, increasing uncertainty).

· Man is naturally bad and possessed by primitive impulses. The conflict between him and society is inevitable. It is in the interests of everyone that society defeats the egoistic principle in man.

· Man is naturally good, but society distorts his positive, natural essence. Conflict between a good person and a bad society is inevitable.

· Man is ambiguous by nature. The social environment can only contribute to the development of good and suppression of bad in a person, and vice versa. The conflict between man and society is not inevitable and is not total.

· Man is neutral by nature. Society forms it according to its own laws and likeness. There is no conflict.

That. Personality theories can be divided into 4 main types:

1. Homeostatic with conflict orientation

2. Homeostatic with a consent orientation.

3. Heterostatic with a conflict orientation.

4. Heterostatic with a focus on consent.

Conflict-oriented homeostatic theories suggest that the presence of conflict is the burden of a person who is unsuccessfully trying to resolve the conflict given to him by his own nature and return to a serene state of equilibrium.

An example of such an interpretation is the theory of S. Freud. Conflict here is inevitable not only due to the natural “depravity” of a person, but also because in the absence of conflict, the source of dynamics in personal development disappears.

3. Freud's personality theory

The conflict underlying the functioning of the individual can be psychosocial (when the motivational core of the individual opposes the demands of society) or intrapsychic (when antagonistic motives fight within the motivational core). Both types of conflict are present in Freud's theory.

For Freud, the main motivational dominant of life is the desire to maximize the satisfaction of innate drives and at the same time minimize the punishment (external and internal) for this satisfaction. Freud believes that there is a single list of innate drives (trieb), which are common to all people and cannot be changed. Drives force action in the direction of certain objects and cannot be corrected by conscious reflection and decisions. All drives consist of the following elements:

· Source – a specific part of the body where tension occurs.

· Goal – actions that lead to relief of tension.

· Stimulus - the amount of energy that causes the realization of desire.

· Object – an object with the help of which tension is converted into discharge. An object can be main or partial, partial.

Freud postulated the following types of drive as basic:

1. The drives of life, the biological needs of survival.

2. Sexual drives, which are also biologically determined, but are not directly related to the survival of the individual.

3. Attraction to death. The purpose of this attraction is to achieve the final release of any tension, which can only be achieved by ceasing to exist.

Over time, Freud combines sexual drives, libido, into one block with the drives of life (Lieben - to live) and considers their intrapsychic conflict with destructive drives. Normally, life-affirming drives are stronger than destructive ones. With age or in unfavorable developmental situations, the death drive can prevail and find expression in various personality pathologies: phobias, neuroses, aggression, sadism, masochism, fascism, suicide.

The container of drives is “It” - the nuclear and ontogenetically earliest structure of the personality. The infant, whose personality is reduced to “It,” is selfish and hostile to everything that can limit his drives. “It” exists according to the pleasure principle and does not take into account the interests of other people. However, the child cannot independently realize his desires; he needs the help of adults, and therefore is forced to adapt to his social environment.

As we enter into social relationships, the following personality structures develop and differentiate: “I” and “Super-Ego”.

The function of the nuclear structure of the personality “I” is to provide a person with the opportunity to satisfy his drives in the social world. The formation of the “I” is associated with the distinction between conscious and unconscious mental processes. “I” is reason and common sense, while “It” is unbridled passions. The “I” functions according to the principle of reality, i.e. tries to reconcile the unbridled desires with real conditions and, most importantly, with social restrictions on their satisfaction.

Thus, the development of personality presupposes the emergence of a new structure, called the “Super-I”. This structure is the repository of social rules and norms (Freud often talks about taboos and prohibitions). According to the psychoanalytic concept, a person is by nature selfish, and society should restrain people, providing everyone with approximately equal conditions for satisfying their desires. Parents are the first people who begin to punish a child for manifestations of impulses that are unacceptable in a given society. Because parents are stronger than the child, and society is stronger than the person, “I” is forced to submit to social demands, because this is the only way to save yourself.

Freud described three functions of the superego: conscience, introspection and ideal formation. In Freud's theory, conscience represents the memory of past punishments, so that when committing an antisocial act, a person experiences a feeling of guilt, even if no one objectively condemns him. The existence of a personality is the constant emergence of intrapsychic conflicts and attempts to resolve them, mostly illusory, with the help of defense mechanisms. The “super-ego” embodies psychosocial conflict.

Freud paid great attention to the topic of sexuality. This is due to the fact that, in his opinion, sexual attraction faces the greatest opposition from society and therefore becomes the source of the most significant conflicts.

So, the main function of the “I” is to try to reconcile the drives of the “Id” and the demands of the “Super-ego” to ensure the subject’s adaptation to the outside world. However, the “I” has another important function, which implements a mechanism by which an overly strict “Super-Ego” can be deceived and satisfaction achieved without experiencing feelings of guilt. This mechanism is called psychological defense and facilitates the existence of the individual, because temporarily reduces the intensity of the conflict. Psychological defense allows one to be aware of only part of the drive, or not to stop being aware of it at all and to find a partial object for the drive that is socially acceptable.

In Freud's concept, the manifestation of psychological defense is not uncommon. Moreover, all behavior is defensive in nature. Another thing is that there are defense mechanisms that distort the reality of attraction beyond recognition and mechanisms that do this to a lesser extent. The effectiveness of personality functioning depends on the extent to which psychological defense mechanisms cope with their task of protecting the “I” from conflicting contents and in what ways this is achieved.

3. Freud presented personality structure in the form of a three-component model.

1. Id (It) - the source of energy for the entire personality, has a biological nature. The contents of the id - thoughts, feelings, memories, events from life - are unconscious, since they were never realized or were rejected, being unacceptable, but they affect human behavior even without conscious control. The id is the guardian of all innate human instincts, the main ones - the instinct of life (Eros) and the instinct of death (Thanatos) - oppose each other. The id lives and is governed by the pleasure principle, seeking its satisfaction without being subject to the reality principle. The id is irrational and at the same time has unlimited power, and the demands of the id are satisfied by the authority of the Ego (I). The id is located at the unconscious level of the psyche.

2. Ego (I) is the part of the personality that is in contact with reality; it is a kind of human consciousness, localized at the conscious level of the psyche. The ego follows the principle of reality, developing a number of mechanisms that allow it to adapt to the environment and cope with its requirements. Its task is to regulate the tension between internal (drives or instincts) and external stimuli (coming from the environment), to control the demands of instincts emanating from the Id.

3. Superego (Super-I) - the source of moral and religious feelings, the figurative existence of conscience, includes traditional norms, as parents understood them, acts as a censor of actions and thoughts, uses unconscious mechanisms of limitation, condemnation and prohibition. The location of the Supereto may vary depending on the perceived contents of it.

All three components of the personality are in opposition to each other, which determines the main internal conflicts of the personality: the Id, which strives to satisfy its desires, ignoring any rules and norms, faces the Superego, which fights everything that contradicts generally accepted moral norms, and the Ego is a battlefield and confrontation between the Id and the Superego.

PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN PSYCHOANALYSIS

Freud identified 4 sources of personality development: processes of physiological growth, frustration, conflicts and threats. Because of them, tension arises, which leads to the fact that a person masters more and more new ways to reduce this tension, and this is the process of personal development. Personality development is completed by age 5, and all subsequent growth represents the development of the basic structure. The periodization of the development of a child’s personality consists of 5 stages, which are called psychosexual, since at each stage development is controlled by libido energy, which has its own characteristics, and fixation at a certain stage leads to the formation of one or another type of character.

Stages of psychosexual development

1. Oral stage (0-1 year) - to satisfy his sexual instincts, the child uses the mother as an external object, and satisfaction of desire occurs through the oral cavity. In the case of fixation at this stage, dependence and infantility predominate in a person’s character.

2. Anal stage (1-3 years) - the child learns self-control and develops a sense of ownership.

3. Vaginal stage (3-5 years) - interest in their genitals appears and boys and girls become aware of their differences from each other, sexual identity begins to form, which occurs as a result of the successful resolution of the Oedipus complex in boys and the Electra complex in girls. The essence of these complexes is the emergence of sexual attraction to a parent of the opposite sex and hatred and jealousy towards a parent of the same sex.

4. Latent (hidden) stage (6 years - before the onset of puberty) - the strength of sexual instincts weakens under the influence of social factors - education, school, active physical and intellectual development of the child.

5. Genital stage (from 10-11 to 18 years) - the external object and methods of satisfying libido are a person of the opposite sex with normal development and a person of the same sex with any deviation and problems associated with sexual identity.