Mikhail Lomonosov. The first Russian natural scientist of world significance. Natural scientists, who are they, what do they do, what work do they do? Message about any naturalists
The great naturalists were famous scientists who studied nature by directly interacting with it. This word can be deciphered if we divide it into two parts: “nature” is nature, and “test” is testing.
Great naturalists: list
During the period of natural science, when nature had to be described and studied as a whole, that is, to use knowledge from different fields of science, such as botany, astronomy, zoology, mineralogy, the first naturalists appeared in different countries of the world. It is worth listing the scientists, and talking about some in more detail, who managed to make interesting discoveries when there was still so little opportunity and knowledge:
- Steve Irwin (Australia).
- Terry Irwin (Australia).
- Alice Manfield (Australia).
- Jose Bonifacio de Andrada and Silva (Brazil).
- Bartolomeu Lourenço de Guzman (Brazil).
- Eric Pontoppidan (Denmark).
- Frederic Faber (Denmark).
There were great naturalists in France, Germany, Great Britain, Poland, Croatia, Switzerland and Russia, among whom Vyacheslav Pavlovich Kovrigo, Alexander Fedorovich Kots and Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov are famous.
First naturalist
Man's interest in nature arose in ancient times, when he began to think about which plants could be eaten and which could not, how to hunt animals and how to tame them.
The first great naturalists, including Aristotle, appeared in Ancient Greece. He was the first to study and observe nature and made an attempt to systematize the knowledge he gained. At the same time, the scientist attached sketches to his observations, which helped in the research. This was the first scientific manual that was used for studying for a long time.
During his lifetime, Aristotle created a large zoological garden, and several thousand people were given to help him, among them fishermen, shepherds, hunters, where each was known as a master in his own field.
Based on the information collected, the scientist wrote more than 50 books, where he divided organisms into the simplest, which were at the lowest stage of development, and also identified other living organisms that are more complex. He identified a group of animals that today are called Arthropods, including Insects and Crustaceans.
Great naturalists: Carl Linnaeus
Gradually, knowledge accumulated, plants and animals had to be given names, but on different continents people gave their own names, as a result of which confusion arose. It was especially difficult for scientists to exchange knowledge and experience, because it was difficult to understand what or who they were talking about. Aristotle's system, which had been in use for a long time, became outdated and was no longer relevant when new lands were discovered.
The first person to realize that it was time to put things in order was the Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus, who did a great job in the 17th century.
He gave each species a name, and in Latin, so that everyone could understand it in different countries of the world. Organisms were also divided into groups and classifications and received a double name (subspecies). For example, birch has an additional name such as flat-leaved and dwarf, brown and white bear.
The Linnaeus system is still used today, although at different times it has been modified and supplemented, but the core of this system has remained the same.
Charles Darwin
In the 19th century, the famous scientist Charles Darwin lived in England, who contributed to the development of science and created his theory of the origin of the world, which every schoolchild knows about.
Many great naturalists adhered to Darwin's version, which was that living organisms change over time, adapting to certain living conditions. But not everyone can adapt, and the strongest survive, who are also able to pass on their best qualities to their descendants.
Russian scientists
Over the years, great naturalists have been in Russia, and many know about their achievements and discoveries.
Geneticist Nikolai Vavilov made a huge contribution to the study of cultivated plants. He collected the largest collection of seeds, which numbered about 250 thousand samples, determined their place of origin, and also developed a theory about plant immunity.
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov made a great contribution to the field of immunology, studying the human body and how it fights various viruses. The works were devoted to the study of cholera, typhus, tuberculosis, as well as syphilis, attempts to understand the origin and find ways to combat it. He artificially caused syphilis in a monkey and described it in his writings. Only for these achievements can he be classified as a “great natural scientist.” Biology was the main science for him: he created a theory about the origin of multicellular organisms, during the development of which he devoted a lot of time to studying the aging process, and believed that old age occurs prematurely due to self-poisoning of the body by various microbes and poisons.
Source: fb.ruCurrent
Miscellaneous
Miscellaneous
Until the 19th century, the concept of “biology” did not exist, and those who studied nature were called natural scientists, naturalists. Now these scientists are called the founders of biological sciences. Let us remember who the Russian biologists were (and we will briefly describe their discoveries) who influenced the development of biology as a science and laid the foundation for its new directions.
Vavilov N.I. (1887-1943)
Our biologists and their discoveries are known throughout the world. Among the most famous is Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov, a Soviet botanist, geographer, breeder, and geneticist. Born into a merchant family, he was educated at the Agricultural Institute. For twenty years he led scientific expeditions studying the plant world. He traveled almost the entire globe, with the exception of Australia and Antarctica. He collected a unique collection of seeds of various plants.
During his expeditions, the scientist identified centers of origin of cultivated plants. He suggested that there were certain centers of their origin. He made a huge contribution to the study of plant immunity and revealed what made it possible to establish patterns in the evolution of the plant world. In 1940, the botanist was arrested on trumped-up charges of embezzlement. Died in prison, posthumously rehabilitated.
Kovalevsky A.O. (1840-1901)
Among the pioneers, domestic biologists occupy a worthy place. And their discoveries influenced the development of world science. Among the world-famous researchers of invertebrates is Alexander Onufrievich Kovalevsky, embryologist and biologist. He was educated at St. Petersburg University. He studied marine animals and undertook expeditions to the Red, Caspian, Mediterranean and Adriatic seas. He created the Sevastopol Marine Biological Station and was its director for a long time. He made a huge contribution to aquarium husbandry.
Alexander Onufrievich studied embryology and physiology of invertebrates. He was a supporter of Darwinism and studied the mechanisms of evolution. Conducted research in the field of physiology, anatomy and histology of invertebrates. He became one of the founders of evolutionary embryology and histology.
Mechnikov I.I. (1845-1916)
Our biologists and their discoveries were appreciated throughout the world. Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1908. Mechnikov was born into the family of an officer and received his education at Kharkov University. He discovered intracellular digestion, cellular immunity, and proved, using embryological methods, the common origin of vertebrates and invertebrates.
He worked on issues of evolutionary and comparative embryology and, together with Kovalevsky, became the founder of this scientific direction. Mechnikov's works were of great importance in the fight against infectious diseases, typhoid, tuberculosis, and cholera. The scientist was interested in the aging process. He believed that premature death is caused by poisoning with microbial toxins and promoted hygienic methods of control, assigning a large role to the restoration of intestinal microflora with the help of fermented milk products. The scientist created the Russian school of immunology, microbiology, and pathology.
Pavlov I.P. (1849-1936)
What contribution did domestic biologists and their discoveries make to the study of higher nervous activity? The first Russian Nobel laureate in the field of medicine was Ivan Petrovich Pavlov for his work on the physiology of digestion. The great Russian biologist and physiologist became the creator of the science of higher nervous activity. He introduced the concept of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes.
The scientist came from a family of clergy and himself graduated from the Ryazan Theological Seminary. But in my last year I read a book by I.M. Sechenov about brain reflexes and became interested in biology and medicine. He studied animal physiology at St. Petersburg University. Pavlov, using surgical methods, studied the physiology of digestion in detail for 10 years and received the Nobel Prize for this research. The next area of interest was higher nervous activity, to the study of which he devoted 35 years. He introduced the basic concepts of the science of behavior - conditioned and unconditioned reflexes, reinforcement.
Koltsov N.K. (1872-1940)
We continue the topic “Domestic biologists and their discoveries.” Nikolai Konstantinovich Koltsov - biologist, founder of the school of experimental biology. Born into a family of an accountant. He graduated from Moscow University, where he studied comparative anatomy and embryology and collected scientific material in European laboratories. Organized a laboratory of experimental biology at the Shanyavsky People's University.
He studied the biophysics of the cell, the factors that determine its shape. These works were included in science under the name “Koltsov’s principle.” Koltsov is one of the founders of the first laboratories and the department of experimental biology in Russia. The scientist founded three biological stations. He became the first Russian scientist to use the physicochemical method in biological research.
Timiryazev K.A. (1843-1920)
Domestic biologists and their discoveries in the field of plant physiology contributed to the development of the scientific foundations of agronomy. Timiryazev Kliment Arkadyevich was a naturalist, a researcher of photosynthesis and a promoter of Darwin's ideas. The scientist came from a noble family and graduated from St. Petersburg University.
Timiryazev studied plant nutrition, photosynthesis, and drought resistance. The scientist was engaged not only in pure science, but also attached great importance to the practical application of research. He was in charge of an experimental field where he tested various fertilizers and recorded their effect on the crop. Thanks to this research, agriculture has made significant progress along the path of intensification.
Michurin I.V. (1855-1935)
Russian biologists and their discoveries have significantly influenced agriculture and horticulture. Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin - and breeder. His ancestors were small-scale nobles, from whom the scientist adopted an interest in gardening. Even in early childhood, he looked after the garden, many of the trees in which were grafted by his father, grandfather and great-grandfather. Michurin began selection work in a rented, neglected estate. During the period of his activity, he developed more than 300 varieties of cultivated plants, including those adapted to the conditions of central Russia.
Tikhomirov A.A. (1850-1931)
Russian biologists and their discoveries helped develop new directions in agriculture. Alexander Andreevich Tikhomirov - biologist, doctor of zoology and rector of Moscow University. He received a law degree at St. Petersburg University, but became interested in biology and received a second degree at Moscow University in the department of natural sciences. The scientist discovered such a phenomenon as artificial parthenogenesis, one of the most important sections in individual development. He made a great contribution to the development of sericulture.
Sechenov I.M. (1829-1905)
The topic “Famous biologists and their discoveries” will be incomplete without mentioning Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov. This is a famous Russian evolutionary biologist, physiologist and educator. Born into a landowner's family, he received his education at the Main Engineering School and Moscow University.
The scientist examined the brain and discovered a center that causes inhibition of the central nervous system and proved the influence of the brain on muscle activity. He wrote the classic work “Reflexes of the Brain,” where he formulated the idea that conscious and unconscious acts are performed in the form of reflexes. He imagined the brain as a computer that controls all life processes. Substantiated the respiratory function of blood. The scientist created the domestic school of physiology.
Ivanovsky D.I. (1864-1920)
The end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries was the time when great Russian biologists worked. And their discoveries (a table of any size could not contain their list) contributed to the development of medicine and biology. Among them is Dmitry Iosifovich Ivanovsky, a physiologist, microbiologist and founder of virology. He was educated at St. Petersburg University. Even during his studies, he showed interest in plant diseases.
The scientist suggested that diseases are caused by tiny bacteria or toxins. The viruses themselves were seen using an electron microscope only 50 years later. It is Ivanovsky who is considered the founder of virology as a science. The scientist studied the process of alcoholic fermentation and the influence of chlorophyll and oxygen on it, as well as soil microbiology.
Chetverikov S.S. (1880-1959)
Russian biologists and their discoveries made a great contribution to the development of genetics. Chetverikov Sergei Sergeevich was born a scientist in the family of a manufacturer, and received his education at Moscow University. This is an outstanding evolutionary geneticist who organized the study of heredity in animal populations. Thanks to these studies, the scientist is considered the founder of evolutionary genetics. He laid the foundation for a new discipline - population genetics.
You have read the article “Famous domestic biologists and their discoveries.” A table of their achievements can be compiled based on the proposed material.
Dear fifth graders!
Today we will meet great naturalists.
Epigraph:
“Science is the most important, the most beautiful and necessary in a person’s life, it has always been and will be the highest manifestation of love, only with it alone will a person conquer nature and himself.” A. Chekhov
People began studying nature back in ancient times. Initially, knowledge about nature found application in everyday life: when certain plants bloom and for what disease they can be used; when the fruits ripen. People were interested in how animals behave in nature and how they could be hunted. In the first stages, when studying nature and living organisms, only descriptive method And observation, then already experiment And comparison. Today we will meet scientists who studied nature.
The first attempts to study nature and living organisms were made by primitive people. The main methods were observation and description. In this way, information about plants, animals and fungi was accumulated. With the emergence and spread of writing about living organisms, a huge amount of material was collected.
The first time has come to put the scattered information in order, to put together what is already known.
Aristotle was the first to try to systematize information about nature, that is, to classify and distribute animals and plants into categories or groups.To get acquainted with the biography of Aristotle and his activities, I suggest you look video film
He defined all living organisms into a system in which simply organized organisms stood at the lowest level, and more complex animals stood at the higher level. For example, he identified a group of animals that today represent phylum Arthropod. These include modern insects, crustaceans, spiders.
For a long time, many scientists used Aristotle’s system, but as time passed, the material was enriched with new descriptions, sailors discovered new lands, and brought with them previously unknown plants. Aristotle's system could no longer help scientists navigate the diversity of living organisms. By this time, scientists from other countries were also making discoveries, describing new plants and animals, and giving them names.
But there was confusion!
Since we communicated in different languages, we described it in our own way!
All this led to the fact that scientists could not understand each other.
Found a way out of this situation Carl Linnaeus. Look video film about this scientist.
- He proposed giving names to animals and plants in one language that would be understandable to all scientists. This language turned out to be LATIN because it is the predecessor of many European languages. This is the language of science (biology, medicine, etc.)
- Another very important decision of Linnaeus was his proposal to give living organisms double, or binary (two-word), names. For example, flat-leaved birch, dwarf birch. We still use the system of Carl Linnaeus to this day. It has certainly changed, but the basis for the classification of living organisms is the core that Linnaeus laid down.
evolution. In his work, Darwin outlined and was able to prove that species on Earth are not constant and can change. Useful properties that arise in organisms as a result of adaptation to their environment can be fixed genetically and passed on from generation to generation.
Look video film about Charles Darwin.
Now get up from the table and carry out physical education minute.
In our country, work was also carried out to study living objects. Russia has always been rich in talented people. Among them were many biologists. All of them made a huge contribution to the development of domestic and world science.
(8) On November 19, 1711, Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov was born - the first Russian natural scientist of world importance, encyclopedist, chemist and physicist. He also went down in history as an outstanding astronomer, instrument maker, geographer, metallurgist, geologist and poet. In addition, Lomonosov is a historian, a champion of the development of national education, science and economics. It was he who developed the project for Moscow University, which was later named in his honor.
Mikhail Lomonosov was born in the village of Denisovka, Arkhangelsk province. His father was a black-growing peasant who had land and vessels for fishing along the Murmansk coast. The mother died when her son was 9 years old. As a teenager, Mikhail Lomonosov constantly traveled with his father to the fields. In his free time, he read - he was taught to read and write by the deacon of the local Dmitrov church, S. N. Sabelnikov. He assisted fellow villagers in drawing up business papers and petitions, and wrote letters. By the age of 14, Lomonosov surpassed his mentor in the ability to write and count.
Soon the widowed father married another woman. When Mikhail turned 20, his father and stepmother decided to marry him. Starting a family meant burying the dream of science and the big world. In 1731, the young man fled to Moscow with a merchant train, taking only three books from home: “Arithmetic” by Magnitsky, “Grammar” by Smotritsky and “Psalter” by Polotsky.
In Moscow, he is accepted into the “Spassky Schools,” that is, the Moscow Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. Twenty-year-old Lomonosov studies in the same class with small children. Lomonosov later colorfully spoke about the hardships of student life in a famous letter to his patron Ivan Shuvalov. The “stipend” was three kopecks a day, of which he bought bread for “denezhka” (half a kopeck), kvass for one kopeck, and spent the rest on clothes and books. Comrades, much younger than him in years, “shouted and pointed with their fingers: look, what a fool at the age of 20 came to study Latin!” However, what did not kill the stubborn young man made him stronger. Lomonosov's successes, his diligence and exemplary behavior are quickly noticed by the school authorities. In one year, Lomonosov takes three classes at once.
Soon after Lomonosov graduated from the academy, the government became concerned that foreign geologists did not want to go to distant Siberia and decided to send twelve young men to Germany to study mining. To be among them, the capable graduate learned German in six months, which he had not previously spoken.
He studied at the University of Marburg for three years and lived abroad for another two years on free bread. The future critic of “German dominance” at the Russian Academy of Sciences not only received his education in Germany, but also married a German woman, the daughter of his landlord.
In 1741, Lomonosov returned to St. Petersburg and began work as an adjunct in the physical class of the Academy of Sciences.
His contribution to Russian science can hardly be overestimated. Natural scientist, poet, reformer of the Russian language; the first Russian academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1745), member of the Academy of Arts (1763).
In 1755, on the initiative of Lomonosov, Moscow University was founded, which in 1940 was named after Lomonosov. His discoveries enriched many branches of knowledge. Lomonosov developed atomic and molecular ideas about the structure of matter, expressed the principle of conservation of matter and motion, laid the foundations of physical chemistry, and studied atmospheric electricity and gravity. He put forward the doctrine of light. Created a number of optical instruments. Discovered the atmosphere on the planet Venus. He described the structure of the Earth, explained the origin of many minerals and minerals.
He was the largest poet of the 18th century, the creator of the Russian ode of philosophical and high civil sound, the author of poems, poetic messages, tragedies, satires, philological works and scientific grammar of the Russian language. He revived the art of mosaic and the production of smalt and, together with his students, created mosaic paintings. Author of works on the history of Russia.
Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (4) died on April 15, 1765 in St. Petersburg. He was buried at the Lazarevskoye cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.
Natural scientists describe nature and natural phenomena, observe nature, and are also the initiators of various kinds of experiments. For example, in the 18th century, an English naturalist Joseph Priestley established that during their life, plants release the “gas of life” - oxygen.
Outstanding natural scientists
Paracelsus
Paracelsus - lived from 1493 to 1541. He was the first to put forward the idea that representatives of living and inanimate nature have an absolutely identical composition. Thanks to this conviction, he treated people with great success, selecting medicines for their special cases. He made many discoveries in the field of medicine and created interesting directions in the scientific world.
Lomonosov
Mikhail Lomonosov - lived from 1711 to 1765. An outstanding Russian natural scientist, thanks to his work many discoveries were made that changed the further course of the development of science.
Buffon
Georges Buffon - lived from 1707 to 1788, was a typical French naturalist, a great popularizer of science. Buffon began his scientific career at the Jesuit college in Dijon, where he studied jurisprudence. Then I decided to change my profile and entered the medical university in Anji. After receiving his medical degree, he decided to start traveling - he visited many places in Italy and France, and during these travels he showed great interest in naturalism.
Darwin
Charles Darwin - lived from 1809 to 1882. It is Darwin who is considered one of the greatest English naturalists, and he is also responsible for the creation of such a scientific movement as Darwinism. The main achievement of his scientific life is the book “The Origin of Species,” which he completed in 1859. But before that, he spent five years visiting various parts of the world, where he met different representatives of the fauna. His greatest asset was the theory of the origin of man, including its appearance not by creation by divine forces, but by evolution.
Cuvier
Georges Cuvier - lived from 1769 to 1832. This outstanding zoologist carried out significant reforms in the taxonomy of the animal world. It was Cuvier who introduced such a concept as a type into zoology. During his work, the naturalist identified such a principle as “organ correlation”; it was thanks to this principle that the reconstruction of a large number of extinct animals was carried out. Cuvier absolutely denied the theory of variability of species; in his opinion, representatives of the fossil fauna changed thanks to the theory of catastrophes.
Leeuwenhoek
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek - lived from 1632 to 1723. This Dutch naturalist is often called the real father of microscopy. This is not surprising, because it was Leeuwenhoek who, for the first time in the scientific world, made lenses that were capable of magnifying an image 300 times. Having such a device, he was the first in the world to see what capillaries, bacteria, sperm, red blood cells and protozoa look like.
Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus - lived from 1707 to 1778. He was an outstanding Swedish doctor and botanist; he created modern biological taxonomy. Linnaeus was also the first scientist to classify animals and plants using binary nomenclature.
Przhevalsky
Nikolai Przhevalsky - lived from 1839 to 1888. An outstanding Russian naturalist and traveler, he conducted scientific expeditions to Central Asia several times during his career.
Thoreau
Henry David Thoreau - lived from 1817 to 1862. He was an American abolitionist, social activist, writer, and naturalist. After graduating from Harvard, he began to seriously study nature and many natural phenomena.
